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Understanding IP Addresses
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An IP (Internet Protocol) address is the numerical identifier assigned to every device connected to a network. Your public IP is assigned by your ISP and is visible to every website you visit — it is how data finds its way back to you. Your private IP is an internal address assigned by your router and is invisible to the internet. Most home users have one shared public IP for all devices; mobile data users are assigned a dynamic public IP that changes regularly.
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IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses (e.g. 192.168.1.1) allowing ~4.3 billion unique addresses — essentially exhausted since 2011. IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses (e.g. 2001:db8::1) allowing 340 undecillion addresses — effectively unlimited. IPv6 adoption is accelerating: as of 2024, India has over 65% IPv6 adoption (among the highest globally, driven by Jio's IPv6-first network). IPv6 also has built-in security features, more efficient routing, and eliminates NAT. Both protocols coexist today through dual-stack implementations.
IP geolocation accuracy varies: Country level: 95–99% accurate. Region/state level: 55–80% accurate. City level: 50–75% accurate (within 40km for most IPs). Street level: not possible from IP alone. Accuracy drops for mobile users (carrier NAT), VPN users (shows VPN server location), satellite internet (shows ground station location), and corporate networks (shows headquarters, not employee location). The location shown is where the IP block is registered, not necessarily where the user physically is.
From IP alone, websites can determine your approximate city and ISP — not your street address or exact location. Precise location (GPS coordinates) requires browser geolocation permission, which you explicitly grant. Websites use IP geolocation for: regional content delivery, language defaults, currency display, fraud detection, and legal compliance (geo-blocking). To hide IP-based location: use a VPN (shows VPN server location), Tor browser (shows exit node location), or a proxy server. Note that VPNs do not hide browser fingerprints or cookies.
Dynamic IP: assigned by ISP each time you connect; changes periodically (hours to months). Used by most residential and mobile plans — ISPs share a limited pool of IPs across many customers. Static IP: permanently assigned, never changes. Required for hosting servers, remote desktop access, CCTV systems, or any service that others need to reach at a consistent address. Static IPs cost ₹200–1,000/month extra from Indian ISPs (Airtel, BSNL, Jio Fiber). Business plans typically include a static IP; residential plans almost always use dynamic IPs.
A VPN (Virtual Private Network) routes your traffic through a server in another location, so websites see the VPN server's IP, not yours. What a VPN hides: your IP address from websites; your browsing content from your ISP. What a VPN does NOT hide: your activity from the VPN provider itself (choose a no-logs provider); browser fingerprinting; cookies; DNS leaks if poorly configured; your identity if you're logged into accounts. For privacy in India: reliable no-logs VPNs include Mullvad, ProtonVPN, and ExpressVPN. Free VPNs frequently monetise your data.